Across Europe, governments, investors and trade unions have begun tightening restrictions on arms and financial ties with Israel—led by Spain’s full embargo and Slovenia’s symbolic ban—signalling a fragile but notable shift in the continent’s long-standing defence relations before the Gaza ceasefire of October 2025.

Data on costs associated with Defence Loan Service Personnel to 85 countries, including human rights priority nations, reveal global cost of up to £40m in 2022.